Disadvantages of Using Endnotes. Advantages of Using Footnotes. Disadvantages of Using Footnotes. Things to keep in mind when considering using either endnotes or footnotes in your research paper :. Footnotes are numbered consecutively throughout a research paper, except for those notes accompanying special material e.
Numbering of footnotes are "superscript"--Arabic numbers typed slightly above the line of text. Do not include periods, parentheses, or slashes.
They can follow all punctuation marks except dashes. In general, to avoid interrupting the continuity of the text, footnote numbers are placed at the end of the sentence, clause, or phrase containing the quoted or paraphrased material. Depending on the writing style used in your class, endnotes may take the place of a list of resources cited in your paper or they may represent non-bibliographic items, such as comments or observations, followed by a separate list of references to the sources you cited and arranged alphabetically by the author's last name.
If you are unsure about how to use endnotes, consult with your professor. In general, the use of footnotes in most academic writing is now considered a bit outdated and has been replaced by endnotes, which are much easier to place in your paper, even with the advent of word processing programs. How do I Create a Footnote or Endnote?
How is a Footnote different from an Endnote? Footnotes appear on the bottom of the page that contains the sentence to which it refers. Endnotes are listed at the end of the paper on separate pages. Endnote pages are placed before the bibliography. What do I Include in the Footnote or Endnote? For example: 1. For example: 2. Ask me for help if you have trouble figuring this out.
What do I put in the endnote the part that appears at the end the paper the first time I refer to a source? The first time you have a citation to a particular source, the note at the end of the paper must include the following information in the following order:. At the end of the paper in the space set aside for this note by your word-processing software , you would put the following information in the following order:. If you cite the same source again in you paper, use a short form for all subsequent citations to that source :.
You have already cited the Eastman, but then you cite it again in note What if I am citing a document or an essay that is reprinted in a book such as a document readers for a Western Civilization course? I prefer that you cite documents or essays that are reprinted in collections this way:. Author of the original text, "Document or essay title," in Editor of Collection, ed. Subsequent citations to this same source can use a short form.
If you have already cited a source once, you do not need to give full citation information for future citations of the sources. If the title is not fiction or poetry, you can use a shortened form of the title if it is longer than four words. Edith Grossman London: Cape, , Place the Notes page just before the Bibliography.
If you have any appendices, put the Notes page after those. Double-space the endnotes just as you double-space the manuscript. In some cases, your teacher may prefer you to single-space endnotes and leave a blank line between each entry.
If you have questions, consult with your teacher. Method 3. If you are going to use endnotes in a paper for a literature, philosophy, religion, art, or music class, you will usually need to follow the MLA style. MLA style does not recommend using endnotes to cite works. You should use inline citation in MLA style unless specifically told otherwise.
Create a bibliographic endnote. This type of endnote in MLA style allows you to refer to other texts your readers may wish to reference. This can be helpful if you have several sources that offer further reading on the topic you are discussing, but do not have room in your paper to discuss them all there. For examples, see also Brown and Spiers , Chapel , and Philips Create an explanatory endnote. Explanatory endnotes offer additional explanatory information, especially if it seems tangential to the main idea discussed in the paper.
MLA recommends that you use this type of endnote sparingly. Place the Notes page before the Works Cited. Do not use any formatting or quote marks. If you have only one endnote, use the word Note. Double-space endnotes in MLA style. The endnotes should be at the bottom of every page a citation is used, and then a citation page at the very end of the document where you put them all together in one list.
Not Helpful 9 Helpful 2. Include your email address to get a message when this question is answered. Other style guides may also use endnotes, although APA Style, commonly used in social sciences, does not. Helpful 0 Not Helpful 0. Submit a Tip All tip submissions are carefully reviewed before being published. Related wikiHows How to. How to. More References About This Article.
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